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It is generally known that much deception is practiced at cards. Since a child I’ve had a keen interest in magic – sleight of hand in particular. You’ve no doubt heard the saying “the hand is quicker than the eye”, yet this is false. The hand is not quicker than the eye, it’s cleverer, and the key to any decent card trick is keeping complete control of the cards. Therefore the methods of cheating that I’ll be discussing in this article are mainly related to card manipulation, also known as ‘mechanics’.
May 20, 2018 If the game is above 4GB, the fat32 file system will not let you transfer the game onto the sd-card, there's 3 solutions for this issue - The best option here is reformat the card to the exFat, to do an exFat format you first need to format the card and place it in your switch to do a small system update then the card should be ready for use. If you have your own cheat files that you'd like to keep as is, you may add the title IDs of the corresponding games, one ID per line, to /config/cheats-updater/exclude.txt. Use to find the title ID of a game. Github release: https://github.com/HamletDuFromage/switch-cheats-updater/releases.
I won’t be going into great detail about the card manipulation methods because this would be breaking the age old magician’s code. The reason for writing this article is that I believe it’s important to have an understanding of the potential card cheating methods employed in order to reduce the chances of being cheated. Anyone reading this who is thinking of using this information to cheat – don’t even think about it! It’s important to have morals and good ethics, and if this is beyond you then just consider that any rewards would be far outweighed by the huge risks of cheating.
Marked Cards
Marked cards are also known as ‘readers’. Such cards can easily be identified by looking at the back of the card. Whilst it is possible to buy specially manufactured marked cards, the usual method would be for the card cheat to mark the cards themselves during a game. A whole deck of cards can easily be ‘doctored’ fairly quickly. Although most cheats would probably just mark the higher value cards. Since there is virtually no skill (except for avoiding attention) to marking cards it is an appealing cheating method for many cheats.
The cheat can mark cards in a variety of ways. The most common way of marking cards is by putting a nail mark into the card by squeezing the card between the thumb and forefinger. Other methods include crimping the corners, grease marks, dirt marks, etc. If you play a lot of live poker then you will probably have been involved in a game where cards have been marked. It doesn’t always mean that someone has attempted to cheat, as even the best playing cards can get marked naturally. But keep a close eye on the cards and if you spot a marked card then immediately request a new deck. If you’re not completely happy then leave the game.
To diminish the influence of marked cards you should always use ‘burn cards’ when you play poker. The great advantage is that the cheat would not know what the next card is from the deck. I would also suggest that the deck is kept square on the table and not spread out as some people prefer. If the deck is spread, even slightly, then the corners of the cards are exposed and it gives the card cheat an opportunity to see where the marked cards are. Some players also have a habit of discarding the burn card before the betting round has finished. If you see people doing this then politely tell them not to do it. It’s bad form!
The Cold Deck
This is a prearranged deck that the cheat would bring into the game at an opportune moment. The deck would have two or more hands already setup or ‘stacked’ and it would be ready for dealing. The cheat might also give the deck a false shuffle and then deal his winning hand. With a prepared deck the card cheat would ensure his victim has a very good hand, just not quite as good as his. Little skill is required in this method of cheating as the deck could have been prearranged hours before the game.
False Shuffling
As you can imagine the ‘cold deck’ has limitations for the cheat. Therefore another cheating method is to ‘stack’ the deck during a seemingly legitimate shuffle. During this ‘shuffle’ the desired cards are shuffled into the correct location in the deck. Suppose it is a five handed game of poker; the shuffler/dealer has secured the two Aces at the top of the deck, he then proceeds to perform simple overhand shuffle. In this shuffle the card cheat has just separated the Aces by ‘running’ four cards between them. Now there is just one Ace on the top. Another quick overhand shuffle and the Aces are now laying 5th and 10th in the deck. The cards are dealt and hey presto the cheat has pocket Aces!
Contrary to what people would imagine, the card cheat is able to stack a deck very easily by using the overhand shuffle. This is because cards can be pulled off one at a time, breaks can be formed between packets, and the sequence can easily repeated. Such manipulation is far more difficult with the riffle shuffle technique.
Of course when it comes to card shuffling you should also be aware that the deck may already be prearranged. The whole deck doesn’t need to be but maybe just the top 10 or 15 cards. The card cheat will then ensure he doesn’t interrupt this part of the deck. This is called ‘top stock control’. This sort of stock control is also done with the riffle shuffle. It is pretty easy to spot as the shuffler will be attempting to avoid disturbing the top cards.
Cheating using the riffle shuffle is far more difficult. It’s still possible to do false shuffles using this method but to stack a deck requires considerable skill and years of practise. So the warning to you is be very wary when someone you have seen using the riffle shuffle, changes and starts using the overhand shuffle. People who shuffle with the riffle shuffle very rarely need to do an overhand shuffle. It should also be noted that the professional card cheat will never show off his skill at manipulation. This would be very stupid. The clever cheat would look clumsy so as not to arouse suspicion.
False Dealing
There are two main ways of dodgy dealing. The first is what is called ‘dealing seconds’. This is where the card cheat would have his desired card at the top of the deck. This card will remain on the top throughout the deal until it gets to his turn, at which point the top card is dealt. This is a difficult card sleight and even more difficult to detect if it is done properly. The card cheat will usually push the top card over very slightly, at which point the right thumb (if right handed) comes in and clips the second card out whilst the top card is simultaneously pulled back into position by the left thumb.
The Second Deal:
Of course the card cheat only has the advantage of dealing himself one desired card using this method. The far more effective crooked deal is the bottom deal. As you’ve probably guessed, the bottom deal means dealing from the bottom of the deck. This is extremely hard to master and you shouldn’t worry too much as very few people can perform the bottom deal without giving away tell tale signs.
The card cheat will in all probability be holding the deck in what is known as ‘the mechanics grip’. The middle finger then comes in and takes the bottom card from the deck. This is all done in a very fluid manner, assuming of course that the card cheat is a good manipulator. The biggest give away sign to the bottom deal is that ‘mechanics grip’. It is not a natural way to hold a deck of cards. Another give away is the noise made by the bottom card when it is dealt. If performed badly the bottom of the deck will also wedge out slightly. Watch out for these!
The Bottom Deal:
Cheat Card Game
The “Mechanics Grip” | The “Wedge” occurs when badly executed. |
Of course you should always have a postilion (the plastic card) at the bottom of the deck when dealing. This makes it very difficult to perform a bottom deal. If you don’t have a postilion then use a joker card as a substitute. Please remember that it takes years of practise to achieve an effective bottom deal, and when you add the postilion to the equation it would require a true expert. So don’t worry too much about it.
Confederacy
When two or more card cheats work together the difficulty of their task is dramatically reduced. The chosen cards would be gathered before the shuffle (i.e. scooped from the last hand), secured, shuffled into the desired location, and then cut. If the rules of the game dictate that someone other than the shuffler is obliged to cut the cards, then the cheater’s accomplice will duly cut the deck at the desired location.
You may ask how the cheat knows where to cut the cards? One common method is for the 1st cheat to bend the deck then cut the deck themselves, but in the act of doing this cut the top half of the deck is bent backwards. The cut is completed and as the deck is on the table there is a clear arch between the top and bottom halves, which is where the 2nd cheat will cut. Does luma3ds cheat engine work with ds games. This brings the deck back to its original position. Whilst this method is fairly simple, the giveaway signs are easy to spot. If this method were employed then the cut would be done very quickly to avoid being caught.
Another method is for the 1st cheat to cut the deck but to out jog slightly. The 2nd cheat then just cuts at the point where the deck slightly overlaps. The deck is then setup for the deal with the cards in place. As you can imagine, when two or more people are involved in cheating it doesn’t have to be about card manipulation. There are many ways to cheat when collusion is involved and far too many to list here.
Good Practise to Follow
The following procedures should be common place in your poker game to help prevent cheating;
Seating - Players should draw cards to determine who sits where. You should never be able to just sit where you like as it increases the odds for the card cheats who are in collusion.
Shuffling/Cutting/Dealing - The same player shouldn’t shuffle and deal the cards as well. The player to the dealers left should shuffle, the player to the dealer’s right then cuts, and the dealer then deals. This eliminates lots of possible opportunities to cheat.
Use a Postilion - Always have a postilion or joker on the bottom of the deck. Not only does it stop the bottom card being glimpsed, but it helps prevent bottom dealing.
Count the Cards - At regular intervals the cards should be counted to ensure they are all present. If two Aces are missing, start worrying!
Check for Markings - Regularly check the cards for marks, crimps, etc. Of course some marks will be accidental but if this affects the game then get a new deck of cards.
Cards on the Table - Ensure that playing cards are kept on the table at all times. There is no reason why a player should have to remove the cards from the table.
Of course there are many methods of cheating in poker and I don’t claim to know all of them. I also don’t want you to think that card cheating happens all the time. It doesn’t. Playing poker live is great fun and you shouldn’t let what I’ve shared with you put you off. If you play poker in an environment that you’re comfortable with and are having fun, then don’t worry. However it is always wise to know the methods which could be used to cheat you and for this reason you should follow the procedures explained above. Anyway, I hope that you’ve enjoyed reading this!
* This updated article was originally written by Tim Ryerson on 3rd February 2005.
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By Tim Ryerson
Tim is from London, England and has been playing poker since the late 1990’s. He is the ‘Editor-in-Chief’ at Pokerology.com and is responsible for all the content on the website.
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Origin | England |
---|---|
Type | Shedding-type |
Players | 2+ |
Skills required | Tactics, Communication |
Deck | French |
Play | Clockwise and Counter-clockwise |
Card rank (highest first) | A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 |
Playing time | Various |
Random chance | Medium |
Related games | |
Irish Switch |
Switch, also called Two Four Jacks or Irish Switch,[1] or Last Card, in New Zealand, is a shedding-type card game for two or more players that is popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland and as alternative incarnations in other regions. The sole aim of Switch is to discard all of the cards in one's hand; the first player to play his or her final card, and ergo have no cards left, wins the game. Switch is very similar to the games UNO, Flaps and Mau Mau, both belonging to the larger Crazy Eights or Shedding family of card games.[2]
The game is also commonly known as Jack Changes, Crazy Eights, Take Two, Black Jack and Peanuckle in the UK and Ireland.
If a user ends on a so-called 'fire card', a user is able to pick up, and put down another 'fire card' immediately unless stated beforehand.An Ace can be used as any card.
Objective[edit]
Switch is played with a regular, single deck of playing cards, or with two standard decks (shuffled into one) if there is a large number of players.
Each player at their turn may play any card from their hand that matches the suitor the rank of the card previously played; for example, if the previous card was a seven of clubs, the next player may put down any seven card, or any club card, from their hand. Should the player not have any card available to play, they must pick up one card.
Game rules[edit]
Players are initially dealt a similar sized hand of cards (often seven per person), but the exact number may vary depending on how many players are present. The remainder of the deck is placed face down and serve as a 'pool' or drawing stack. At the beginning of the game the topmost card from the 'pool' is revealed and, so long as this card is not a trick card, play begins. (Switch may not start with a trick card, and so if the 'starting card' is a trick card, cards shall continue to be selected from the pool until a non-trick card is revealed.)
The first to play (generally, the player on the dealer's left) should select from his or her hand a card that matches either, the suit or the rank of the open card (the card that is 'top'); for example, on a 9 of spades, only a spade card or a 9 may be played. If a player is not able to place a card, he draws cards from the stack until he is able to play a card. A player may choose to withhold a card due to personal strategy but will incur the penalty of having to pick a card from the deck.
If the drawing stack is run down and becomes empty, the playing stack or discard pile (except for the topmost card) is shuffled, and placed face down to become the new 'pool.'
If the last player, at the point of when the second last player has said 'Last Card', and has ended the game, the last standing player, or the lost player, can bring the player back into the game, provided the player has all logical moves remaining in hand. If the player does have all logical moves, the second last player is brought back into the game, as a form of resurrection, to re-compete. Should the last player not have all logical moves, that player loses the game.
Power Cards[edit]
In Switch some cards are known as 'power' or 'trick' cards, because their being played directly affects the gameplay:
- 2: If a player places a two (of any suit) down, the next player is required to pick up two cards. One player may not place two 2 cards at the same time. If the next player has a two, they may place it down instead of taking cards, requiring the next player to take four. This continues until a player with no two has to pick up the current total. A player that draws cards after a two has been played is usually not permitted to put any more cards down.
- Q: The player may place any card of their choice onto the queen.
- 8: The next player misses their turn. Normally, the next player may not play an 8 to continue the power, as they could with the 2; however, if this rule is included, then 8s will continue to be played, until the flow reaches a player without an 8, in which case they will miss a number of turns equivalent to the number of 8s played previously.
- Ten: The ten reverses the play direction.
- Black Jack: When the Black Jack is played, the next player must pick up the same number of cards dealt or play another Black Jack and the following player must then pick up double that. If a player has both Black Jacks then they can play both of them at the same time, to then cause the next person to pick up.
- Red Jack: Is best played when a Black Jack is played as this will cancel the pick up Black Jack rule. One Red Jack cancels one Black Jack.
- Ace: can be played regardless of the suit or value of the topmost card on the playing deck—that is, the Ace may be played at any time in the game. When playing an Ace, the player can decide freely the suit that has to be played next; from then on, play continues as normal, but on the suit selected by the player of the Ace.
- 10: If a player has a 10, they can place any card of the same suit down, but from then it must carry on in order. For example, if the 10 of hearts is placed, then the player can put down a 7 of hearts. However, after this they have to put down an eight of hearts, or a six of hearts, or a 7 of a different suit, or move on to the next player.
When a player has only one remaining card they must remember to say 'last card' aloud before their turn has ended, to inform the other players that they are about to win. If a player should fail to do so before the next player has started their turn they may be penalised, often to the cost of picking up one card immediately (over and above any picking up as a matter of routine course in the game).
Endgame[edit]
As soon as a player plays their last card they win the game. Ssx tricky cheats video game. If the last card is a power card they must draw another card as a game can not end with a power card. The game can continue until all the players get rid of their cards.
Last Card rule[edit]
In some games, the 'Last Card Rule' can be applied, whereby if a player is down to one card they must say 'Knocking' before their turn ends. If they do not, they must pick up another card (or 5 if playing Turbo Switch). Although not an official rule, it is a rule widely accepted across Ireland and the UK. A player can also not end on a double of one card.
In the variant known as Peaknuckle, players with two cards remaining in their hand must say 'peaknuckle' and a player with only one card must say 'super-peaknuckle'. Failing to say either will result in the player picking up another card, if noticed by another player.
Also in Peanuckle the 7 card means a player can play a run of cards that link, ie: 7, 8, 9, K, J and 3A player can also use an ace to change suit in these runs as well as being able to change suit using cards of the same value from another suit.
Ie: 7(H), 4(H), 4(S), 3(S), 9(S), A(S), and 5(D)Two win ace because the ace present 'one'
Variations[edit]
Black Jack[edit]
'Black Jack' is the name of a shedding card game which shares its name with the casino card game Blackjack. It is a variant of Crazy Eights.
Dealing[edit]
The dealer deals each player 7 cards (or 5 cards if there are more than 4 people), then places a single card face-up on the table and the remainder of the deck in a pile face-down on the table.
A pre-determined method is used to decide which player plays first. It is usually the player left of the dealer who plays first. The game continues from there going clockwise. Play starts from the single card facing up.
Player turns[edit]
- On each turn, the player attempts to place cards from their hand onto the stack.
- A card can only be placed in the stack if it matches either the rank or suit of the top card.
- A player can place consecutive cards of the same suit down to remove more cards.
- If a player cannot take their turn, they pick up a card from the remaining deck.
- If a player makes an error by placing an illegal card down (putting a card or cards down which goes against the rules of the game such as attempting to put a 7H on top of a 8S, or attempting a run containing one or more illegal cards) or putting a card down a wrong time (when it is not their turn, this is an easy mistake to make such as forgetting that the previous player putting an eight down makes them skip their turn), then this is declared a 'blunder' and the offending player must take back the card(s) they attempted to put down and pick up two more cards from the remaining deck as a penalty.
- Once the player has played their turn, they must say 'Last card' if they only have one card left. If another player thinks that they can play their cards in one turn they say 'cards'. If they fail to do so, there is a penalty (see Endgame). An alternate method of doing this is 'knocking'. If a player thinks he can win on his next turn, he must warn the other players by making a knocking noise on the table or by saying 'knocking' (or both). If they fail to do so, there is a penalty.
Magic cards[edit]
Certain cards have special effects on the gameplay.
- Aces: The player who puts down an ace nominates a new suit, which all the players must follow. The ace can be put down at any time, of any suit, it does not have to follow the suit that the last card was, with a run on top of it if possible. It can also be used to block a two.
- Two: The next player is forced to pick up two cards unless he is able to lay another two, black Jack or an ace which makes the next player pick up the cards. Alternatively, a red jack can be used to cancel the card pickup or an ace. One red jack cancels one black Jack.
- Seven: All other cards held by that player in the same suit as the 7 may be played.
- Eight: The next player misses a turn unless they have an eight.
- Black Jack: A Black Jack causes the next player to pick up 5 cards, unless he can follow with another black jack. If one red jack is placed one black jack is cancelled.
- Red Jack: One red jack cancels one black jack.
- Queen: A queen can be covered by a card of any suit or rank.
- King: Reverses order of play.
Endgame[edit]
The first player to get rid of all of their cards wins the game. The game may end once a player has got rid of all his cards, or the remaining players may continue playing until everyone has got rid of their cards (when done a player is declared to have 'got out') bar one player (this player is declared 'last place' or 'the loser' and he may be eliminated if there is an unwieldy number of people wanting to play).
If the player places their last card, but failed to say 'Last card' at the end of their previous turn, then they must pick up two cards from the remaining deck (even if the player had multiple cards). A player can also declare their final card by 'knocking', usually by tapping the playing table.
Black Jack Variants[edit]
- Some variants may include a joker (usually only one, although the players may opt to include 2 jokers).
- The player is not allowed to finish on an ace or any power card
- Multiple cards can be placed on a single turn, where each card matches the previous card in rank or suit. There is no limit to the number of cards which can be played, but the player may not finish by placing more than one card.
- A 3, a 7 or a 10 is sometimes used as the reverse card instead of the king.
- The Queen is sometimes a 'SLAG' which means she can be covered by any card, not only one of her suit.
- Runs within a suit are sometimes allowed (in both ascending and descending order), for example with a top card of 6 of clubs it would be possible to play the 6, 7, 8, and 9 of diamonds.
- The King, when it is not 'reverse', is sometimes used as a 'got to cover' card, in which, the player placing the king must also place a chosen card from the suit of the king.
- In some variants a player can end by placing a sequence of cards down.
- When placing 'pick up' cards the black jacks and twos can be placed together giving a maximum pick up number of 18, so a move such as (JS, 2S, 2H, 2D, 2C, JC) would be a valid and legal move.
- The value of the number of cards required to pick up after a black jack is player varies depending on the number of cards dealt to each player at the beginning of the game.
- Red Jacks do not cancel black Jacks, instead they can be combined with black Jacks. One must pick up three additional cards per red Jack.
These rules tend to lead to faster play, and can make gameplay more exciting as sometimes a large number of cards can be played in a single turn by taking full advantage of both of these rules in a single turn (for instance with the 6 of clubs on top, it would be possible to play 6D, 6H, 6S, 7S, 8S, 9S, 10S, JS, JC, 10C, 9C in a single turn).Using the king and queen rules from the above list, it would be possible to have this as a move, (If the 6 of clubs is on the top of the deck, the next player could play, KC, 10C, JC, QC, 3C, 5C, 8C, 7C, 7D, 6D, 5D, 5S, 4S, 3S etc. until they cannot place another card)
- Can be played with two decks of cards if more than five people are playing.
- Is quite similar in several ways to the game Uno.
- Is often referred to as 7 Card Blackjack to differentiate between Casino game with the same name.
In some games the eight is used as a play again card
Jacks, Twos and Eights[edit]
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'Jacks Twos and Eights' (J28 for short) evolved from earlier forms of rummy with the intention of being a faster, more complex game.[citation needed]
The deck[edit]
J28 is played with a standard 52-card pack of playing cards or if there is a large number of people playing one game then two packs may be mixed together and dealt as normal.
Dealing[edit]
Dealership alternates from round to round (the dealer to the first round is usually determined by cutting the deck and then the lowest card deals). The dealer deals a seven-card hand to each player. After seven cards are dealt the next card is placed face up in the centre of the table, this is the 'discard' pile. The remainder of the pack is placed face down next to the 'discard' pile, and is called the 'stock'. The next non-dealing player to the right of the dealer lays the first card.
Play[edit]
On each turn, a player plays a card or a run of card on to the discard pile. This card must be of the same suit, or the same value, a heart on a heart or a 10 on a 10. Once this card has been laid it is possible for that player to continue laying cards if a run of several cards is possible. There are several possible combinations the run may be formed from:
- The player may lay a set of same value cards, on top of a 10 of hearts they may lay a number of 10s regardless of suit.
- The player may lay a run of numbers either ascending or descending, on top of a 10 of hearts they may lay a 2, 3, 4, 5, of hearts, or a King, Queen, Jack of hearts. The run must not skip numbers, and must be of the same suit as each other and the card they are being laid upon.
- The player may lay a combination of the two above. They may lay a set of same value cards, three 10s then providing that they follow on suit and begin at them next number lay a run of cards, for example. On top of a 10 of hearts a player may lay: 9 of hearts, 9 of spades, 8 of spades, 7 of spades and 7 of clubs.
- If the player is unable to lay any card then the player must pick up a card from the stock pile. If the player is then able to play then they can lay a card down on this go.
Game rules[edit]
There are several rules which apply to certain cards in the game which change how the cards can be laid.
- Jacks can be played at any time on top of any card. Not only can it be played at any time in the game it also allows the player to change the suit of the cards to the one they prefer. For example, if a Jack is played the suit can be changed to hearts, then the player is allowed to lay a heart and any other appropriate cards on that go.
- If a 2 is played then the next player must pick up two cards, unless they can play a 2. This continues around the circle until a player is not able to play a 2. When this happens the player must pick up a number of cards (determined by the number or 2s laid multiplied by 2)
- If an 8 is played the next person in the game must play an 8 also. Again this continues around the circle until a player is unable to lay an eight. This player must then miss a number of goes (determined by the number of 8s laid)
- Another rule is that if a player has an ace of hearts the player next in turn must pick up 5 cards, unless they have an ace of spades, this cancels out the 5 cards they must pick up.
Play continues, until one player no longer has any cards to lay. On a player's last card, “last card” must be said on their previous go in order to allow them to lay the card on their last go. One exception to this is if the player is able to end the game with a run or set of same value cards. The game cannot end on a Jack of any suit, 2 of any suit or 8 of any suit. The winner is the first player to have an empty hand.
Take Two[edit]
Very similar to Switch, but with some changes. Played with a 52 card deck (No jokers) or a 54 card deck (With jokers.)
Dealing[edit]
https://theever638.weebly.com/mad-max-pc-game-cheat-codes.html. The dealer deals each player 5 cards, then places a single card face-up on the table and the remainder of the deck in a pile face-down on the table.
The player left of the dealer plays first. The game continues from there going clockwise. Play starts from the single card facing up.
Rules[edit]
The player whose turn it is has to place a card of the same value (5 of hearts on a 5 of diamonds) or of the same suit (5 of spades on a 3 of spades). If the player cannot play any card they must take two cards from the deck. When a player is on their last card they must say 'last card'. A player cannot finish on a trick card. If a player cannot finish they must take two cards from the deck. If a player makes a mistake (e.g. places a card of the wrong suit down) they must fix the mistake and take two cards from the deck.
The game has trick cards like Switch but has less:
2: if a player places a two down, the next player is required to pick up two cards. Should that player have a two himself, however, he may place it down, requiring the next player to pick up four; if he has a two, he may place it, requiring the next player to pick up six; this may continue until the flow reaches a player who does not have a two in his hand, at which point he is required to pick up the required number of cards.
8: if a player puts an eight down, the next player misses their go.
Jack: the jack can reverse the order of play OR skip a player depending on house rules.
Ace: an ace may be placed regardless of the suit, an ace allows the person who places it to change the suit.
Once a player runs out of cards they have won, the game goes on until there is only 1 person left.
House Rules[edit]
Decided by the host of the game.
Complete Switch Hacking/piracy Guide : SwitchPirates
Whether or not placing two or more cards of the same value at once is allowed (placing two 5s in the same turn).
Whether or not placing an ace requires the same suit.
Whether a jack skips a player or reverses the order.
Whether or not jokers are used, if they are the next player must take 5 cards from the deck when they are player. Jokers are rarely used.
When using an ace of spades it may be placed on either the ace of hearts, or a 2 if any suit.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, David Parlett pg. 291 Oxford University Press (1996) ISBN0-19-869173-4
- ^Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, David Parlett, pg. 291 - Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN0-19-869173-4
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